What are the chemicals that transmit information between neurons called?

The chemicals that transmit information between neurons are called neurotransmitters. They play a crucial role in the communication process within the nervous system by crossing the synaptic gap—the space between two neurons—allowing the transmission of signals. When a nerve impulse reaches the end of a neuron, neurotransmitters are released from vesicles into the synapse, where they bind to receptors on the receiving neuron. This binding can result in either the stimulation of the receiving neuron or inhibition, depending on the specific neurotransmitter.

Neurotransmitters include a variety of different chemicals, such as dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine, each affecting different aspects of brain function and behavior. Their proper functioning is essential for a range of physiological processes, including movement, mood regulation, and cognitive functions. This mechanism of action highlights their vital role in the nervous system, distinguishing them from other biological molecules such as hormones or enzymes, which serve different functions in the body.