What is the primary function of mitochondria?

The primary function of mitochondria is energy production. Mitochondria are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they are responsible for producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the main energy carrier in cells. They accomplish this through a process called cellular respiration, where glucose and oxygen are converted into ATP, along with carbon dioxide and water as by-products.

In addition to energy production, mitochondria play key roles in other cellular functions, such as regulating metabolism, signaling, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). However, their most critical and defining role remains in the generation of energy, which fuels various cellular processes necessary for life. This makes them essential for not only the survival of cells but also the overall functioning of multicellular organisms.