What type of model is characterized as being independent of theories?

A phenomenological model is characterized as being independent of theories because it focuses on describing observable phenomena without delving into the underlying theoretical explanations. These models prioritize empirical data and the relationships between observed variables, rather than relying on theoretical frameworks that might explain why those relationships exist. In this way, phenomenological models provide a straightforward representation of reality based on direct observations.

This type of model is particularly useful in scientific research where the aim is to gather, analyze, and predict outcomes based on existing data, allowing for a practical application of findings without the constraints of theoretical assumptions. This independence from theoretical constructs differentiates it from conceptual or logical models, which are often built upon and informed by established theories.